Internalisation of external costs strategy
In 2006, the European Parliament asked the Commission to present "a generally applicable, transparent and comprehensible model for the assessment of all external costs to serve as the basis for future calculations of infrastructure charges". Furthermore, "this model shall be accompanied by an impact analysis of the internalisation of external costs for all modes of transport and a strategy for a stepwise implementation of the model for all modes of transport". This request was included in the Directive on the charging of Heavy Goods Vehicles in the EU ("Eurovignette" Directive).
Work was organised in the following manner:
- First of all, it is crucial to be able to estimate external costs. By definition, external costs are not borne by those who create them. But, in order to get an idea of the magnitude of these costs, it is important to assess their impact and to monetise it. This work led to a Handbook on the estimation of external costs in the transport sector.
- Second, a broad Internet consultation has been carried out. The objective of the consultation was to get feedback on the general principle of internalisation and on the various policy options. The consultation ended in December 2007 and the Commission presented its main findings at a high-level stakeholder conference on 31 January 2008.
- Third, the Commission services have worked on an impact assessment on the internalisation of external costs. On the basis of the IMPACT study and other sources, tests are being carried out on different options to internalise these external costs and analysing their impact on the economy, the environment and on society at large.
- Fourth, the Commission services prepared a Communication adopted in July 2008 (Greening transport package) which provides a general framework of reference for the internalisation of external costs in the transport sector.
Legislation
Studies
Study Sustainable Transport Infrastructure Charging and Internalisation of Transport Externalities (June 2019)
This study assesses the extent to which the "user pays" and "polluter pays" principles are implemented in the EU countries and in other advanced economies.
It is completed by an external and independent consultant and does not represent any findings or recommendations on the part of the European Commission.
The study includes:
- an executive summary
- an update of the Handbook on external costs, which now also includes an analysis of the total and average external costs: Handbook - Annexes - Erratum
- an Overview of transport infrastructure expenditures and costs - Annexes
- an overview on Transport taxes and charges in Europe: Report - Annexes
- an assessment of the State of play of Internalisation in the European Transport Sector, comparing the transport related taxes and charges to the external and infrastructure costs - Annexes
- Main findings summarises the main results of the four reports mentioned above.
Update of the Handbook on external costs of transport (January 2014)
The 2014 Handbook on external costs of transport presented state of the art and best practice on external cost estimation by 2014. In comparison to the 2008 Handbook, it took into account new developments and progress in the following fields:
- Large new databases on noise, accidents and emission factors,
- New and updated models,
- Updated estimates of important input parameters,
- Research identifying additional health effects
- Case studies and marginal cost calculations.
The 2014 Handbook also integrated infrastructure costs – previously tackled in a separate report – and provided updated and more detailed country and area specific estimates of marginal external cost estimates.
Handbook with estimates of external costs in the transport sector - February 2008
In 2008 the European Commission released its first handbook with estimates of external costs in the transport sector . The handbook, jointly prepared by several transport research institutes, summarises the state of the art best practices as regards the valuation of external costs. The Commission used this handbook to prepare a communication on a strategy to internalise the external costs for all modes of transport that was adopted in July 2008, as well as a proposal to revise the directive on the charging of heavy goods vehicles.
Disclaimer: this handbook has been carried out for the Directorate-General for Energy and Transport in the European Commission and expresses the opinion of the organisation undertaking the study. These views have not been adopted or in any way approved by the European Commission and should not be relied upon as a statement of the European Commission's or the Transport and Energy DG's views.
Links
Study: An inventory of measures for internalising external costs in transport (2012)
The Greening transport package
Tolls and user charges for vehicles (including Eurovignette)
Road map for the internalisation initiative
Public consultation and stakeholders conference
Preparation of an Impact Assessment on the Internalisation of External Costs (29/10/2007 - 31/12/2007)